食事と体組成に関する国際スポーツ栄養学会のポジションスタンド(後編)

 食事と体組成に関する国際スポーツ栄養学会のポジションスタンド(前編)食事と体組成に関する国際スポーツ栄養学会のポジションスタンド(中編)に引き続いて最後の全訳を行う.

International society of sports nutrition position stand: diets and body composition

要約と結論

要約

 多種多様な食事が体組成に与える影響を理解することが,研究者や実務家にとって最も重要である.結局のところ,データの解釈と手続きの実施が顧客や患者,一般人の前進を決定する.幸いなことに,現在の一連の研究には根拠に基づく理論と実践をガイドできるだけの情報が豊富に存在する.体組成の評価方法は精度,信頼性およびアクセスのしやすさのレベルにより異なる.それぞれの方法には長所と短所がある.すべての状況に適した一つの方法というものは存在しない.そうではなく,実務家や研究者は,当面の個人のニーズに対して最も現実的な選択肢を採用しなければならない.それは,経費や技術者のスキルなどの本質的な制約や物流を考慮して一貫性を保つためである.多様な食事の原型は,総エネルギーと主要栄養素との広範囲の分配にある.各タイプには様々な程度の裏付けとなるデータと,様々な程度の根拠のない主張がある.減量および増量の作用機序(すなわち,持続的な低カロリー状態と高カロリー状態)の観点から,共通項は食事療法を通過するが,意図した目的を達成するための潜在的に独自の手段も存在する(例えば,満腹感,コンプライアンスの容易さ,トレーニング需要の支持を容易にする因子など).

結論と推奨

  • 食事には広大で多数のものが存在する.さらに,主要な食事の原型に分類される多数の亜種が存在する.実務家,臨床に携わる人および研究者は次のことを把握し続ける必要がある.すなわち,顧客,患者および一般人を科学的根拠に基づく実践かつ教育へと導くという目的のために,各原型の根底にある根拠と,それに対抗する主張とを把握することである.
  • 全ての体組成評価法には長所と短所がある.ゆえに,評価法の選択には,実用性とコスト,侵襲性,利用しやすさ,再現性および技術者のスキル要件といった法外なコストの可能性との整合性を考慮する必要がある.結局,顧客や患者,研究問題の需要は選択された方法と一致するはずであり,個別化と環境への考慮が欠かせない.
  •  主に脂肪量の減少(および初期の体水分減少を超えた減量)に焦点を当てた食事は,持続的なカロリー不足の基本的な機序のもとで機能する.この正味の低カロリーバランスは線形にまたは毎日,またはその週にわたって非線形的に課すことができる.ベースラインの脂肪量レベルが高いほど,カロリー不足がより積極的に課される可能性がある [27]. 被検者が痩せていくにつれて,体重減少率が遅いほど,除脂肪量を良好に維持することができる.例えば Garthe らの例が体重減少率が毎週 0.7 % 減少して 1.4 % を上回ったように [138]. Helms らも同様にコンテストの準備期間におけるボディビルダーの週あたり体重 0.5 – 1.0 % の割合を示唆している [140]. 
  • 文献的には除脂肪量の増加は低カロリー状態期間中に報告されているにもかかわらず,除脂肪量増加に焦点を当てた食事は同化プロセスを容易にして,増加するトレーニング需要に応えるために持続的なカロリー余剰により最適化されている.余剰カロリーの組成と規模および,運動プログラムを含めた被検者のトレーニング状況は,増量の性質に影響する.より大きな余剰カロリーはトレーニング未経験の被検者にはより最適であり,彼らにとっては除脂肪量増量 [136] のさらに劇的で高レベルの NEAT の前進のために準備されている [133]. 一方で,より進んだトレーニーにとっては少なめの余剰カロリーが適切であり,彼らには積極的な高カロリー状態の間に必要以上の脂肪量増加の高いリスクがある [135]. 全てのトレーニーがこの一般的なフレームワークに収まるとは限らないことに注意されたい.筋肉の増量を推進するために,一部の初心者はより少ない余剰カロリーを要する一方で,一部の上級トレーニーはより大きな余剰カロリーを要する.個人の反応の不可避の多様性にプログラムを仕立てることが実務家の仕事である.
  • 広範囲の食事アプローチ(低脂質から低炭水化物・ケトジェニックおよびその中間の全てのポイント)が体組成を改善するのに等しく効果的である可能性があり,これによりプログラムデザインによる柔軟性をもたらす.今日に至るまで,低炭水化物食やケトジェニック食に対して,対照群の入院患者の等カロリー食では,群間でたんぱく質を一致させた比較で臨床的に意義のある脂肪減少や熱的優位性を報告したものは存在しない [60]. その蓄積された静脈内の根拠は,肥満の炭水化物・インスリン仮説を無効化する.しかしながら,ケトジェニック食には食欲抑制の可能性が示されており,ケトジェニック食を摂取している被検者はカロリー制限なしにもかかわらず自発的に摂取量が減少していることから例示されているところである.スポーツのパフォーマンスは,そのスポーツの性質に応じた炭水化物の利用可能性に対する様々な需要を伴う,独立した目的である.炭水化物の制限は,特に持久性のスポーツにとって,人間工学的な可能性がある.炭水化物制限の筋力とパワーへの影響には,さらなる研究の価値がある.
  • 運動している人にとって,現在の推奨をはるかに超えるレベルまで食事たんぱく質を増やすことで体組成を改善させる可能性がある.2007 年当初の ISSN のたんぱく質摂取量 (1.4 – 2.0 g/kg) に関する立場は,その後の運動集団での調査が同様の需要に到達し,さらに支持を広げている [88, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145]. 痩せた筋力トレーニング経験のある被検者が低カロリー状態で筋肉を最大限保持するためには,より高いたんぱく質摂取量(除脂肪量 2.3 – 3.1 g/kg)を要する可能性がある [88]. 新しい研究では超高用量のたんぱく質摂取量 (> 3 g/kg) の研究の示すところでは,食事たんぱく質の既知の熱的効果,満腹感,除脂肪量維持効果は,筋力トレーニング経験のある被検者では増幅される可能性があるという.いくつかの可能性として,たんぱく質を目的として外来患者における余剰カロリーを設定することは,結果として等カロリーバランスに落ち着くこととなった.それは満腹感を経由する総カロリー減少,熱放散の増加およびまたは脂肪量減少と同時の除脂肪量増加による [89, 90, 92]. 
  • 時間制限の食事(間欠的絶食の変法)を筋力トレーニングと組み合わせると,これまで示してきた結果を混合した新しい研究分野となる [106, 107]. しかしながら,間欠的なカロリー制限の試験に関する文献は,全体としては,体組成改善を目的とした毎日のカロリー制限を超えるほどの有意な利点を示唆してはいない [108]. したがって,カロリー制限に関するプログラミングを線形で行うか非線形で行うかは,個人の嗜好,許容度および運動の目標により定義すべきである.脂肪量減少中に除脂肪量を維持(または増量)するという目的を達成するには,十分なたんぱく質,筋力トレーニングおよび適切な体重減少率に主な焦点を当てるべきである.
  • 長期的に食事療法を成功させられるかどうかは,恒常性駆動の緩和因子をいかに効果的に抑制・回避できるかにかかっている.脂肪量減少のための低カロリー状態は結果として適応熱産生をもたらした.予測されたエネルギー消費量の減少よりも大きかった(除脂肪量および脂肪量の減少を考慮した後の TDEE における予測値を 10 – 15 % 下回っていた).しかしながら,適応熱産生を示した既存の研究の大部分は積極的なカロリー制限を組み合わせた食事を含んでいて,たんぱく質摂取量を絞り,また筋力トレーニングを行っていない.それゆえ,本質的に代謝を遅らせる完全な嵐を起こしている.筋力トレーニングと適切なたんぱく質を慎重に包含した研究では,非常に低カロリーの摂取にもかかわらず,適応熱産生 [25] および除脂肪量喪失を回避できた [26]. 

展望と将来の指針

 正しい量の焦点と努力を生産的に指示するためには,多様なプログラミング要素の適切な「全体像」の視座を維持することが重要である.体組成における重要度や影響度で栄養学的因子をランクづけする際には,ケーキの比喩はシンプルで鮮やかであり,また記憶に残りやすい.ケーキ本体は 1 日の主要栄養素(および微量栄養素)の総合であり,粉砂糖はその日を通じての栄養摂取の具体的なタイミングと分配であり,ケーキにふりかけるチップはトレーニーの競争力を強化するのを手助けするサプリメントである.理想的ではあるものの必ずしも実現可能ではないシナリオとして,顧客や患者へのケアへの集学的アプローチがある(例.栄養士,パーソナルトレーナー,心理学者,医師).これにより専門知識の最も効率的な利用が可能となり,多様な生活様式の面をカバーし,必要な時には医学的介入も可能となる [146]. 

 体組成における食事の影響に関する研究には多くのグレーの領域と未調査の経路が残されている.女性や高齢者に関する研究はまだ一般には不足している.筋力トレーニングと持久性トレーニングを組み合わせた様々なエネルギーバランスにおける異なる日内食事頻度および栄養成分の分布の影響に関する研究はまだかなり少ない.一週間を通じた線形対非線形の主要栄養素の摂取は,運動と組み合わせると,現実の世界では広く実践されているにもかかわらず,まだ研究の未開発分野である.したがって,我々の現在の知見は静的なままであっても,研究の行進が続く以上,研究でも現場でも科学者はモデルや信念の修正と歪曲に警戒しつつも心を開いていなくてはならない.

略語

2C Two-compartment model
3C Three-compartment model
4C Four-compartment model
AMDR Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
AT Adaptive thermogenesis
BIA Bioelectrical impedance analysis
BIS Bioimpedance spectroscopy
BMR Basal metabolic rate
CHO Carbohydrate
CICO Calories-in/calories-out
EAT Exercise activity thermogenesis
EE Energy expenditure
FFM Fat-free mass, used interchangeably with lean mass (LM) according to how it was reported in the literature
FM Fat mass
HP High-protein
IER Intermittent energy restriction
IF Intermittent fasting
KD Ketogenic diet
LCD Low-carbohydrate diet
LM Lean mass
LP Low-protein
NEAT Non-exercise activity thermogenesis
PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acid
RDA Recommended dietary allowance
REE Resting energy expenditure
RMR Resting metabolic rate
SFA Saturated fatty acid
SM Skeletal muscle
TBW Total body water
TDEE Total daily energy expenditure
TEE Thermic effect of exercise
TEF Thermic effect of food
VLED Very-low-energy diet

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